Romans 3–6

Footnotes

1. 1 Grk “much in every way.”
2. 2 Most witnesses (א A D2 33 𝔐) have γάρ (gar) after μέν (men), though some significant Alexandrian and Western witnesses lack the conjunction (B D* G Ψ 81 365 1506 2464* latt). A few have γάρ, but not μέν (6 1739 1881). γάρ was frequently added by scribes as a clarifying conjunction, making it suspect here. has the γάρ in brackets, indicating doubt as to its authenticity. Grk “first indeed that.”
3. 3 Grk “they were.”
4. 4 The referent of λόγια (logia, “oracles”) has been variously understood: (1) λόγιον takes the term to refer here to “God’s promises to the Jews”; (2) some have taken this to refer more narrowly to the national promises of messianic salvation given to Israel (so S. L. Johnson, Jr., “Studies in Romans: Part VII: The Jews and the Oracles of God,” 130 [1973]: ); (3) perhaps the most widespread interpretation sees the term as referring to the entire OT generally.
5. 5 Grk “every man”; but ἄνθρωπος (anthrōpos) is used in a generic sense here to stress humanity rather than masculinity.
6. 6 Grk “Let God be true, and every man a liar.” The words “proven” and “shown up” are supplied in the translation to clarify the meaning.
7. 7 Grk “might be justified,” a subjunctive verb, but in this type of clause it carries the same sense as the future indicative verb in the latter part. “Will” is more idiomatic in contemporary English.
8. 8 Or “prevail when you judge.” A quotation from Ps 51:4.
9. 9 Or “shows clearly.”
10. 10 Grk “That God is not unjust to inflict wrath, is he?”
11. 11 The same expression occurs in Gal 3:15, and similar phrases in Rom 6:19 and 1 Cor 9:8.
12. 12 Grk “abounded unto.”
13. 13 Grk “(as we are slandered and some affirm that we say …).”
14. 14 Grk “whose.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, this relative clause was rendered as a new sentence in the translation.
15. 15 Verses 10–12 are a quotation from Ps 14:1–3.
16. 16 Grk “their throat is an opened grave.”
17. 17 A quotation from Pss 5:9; 140:3.
18. 18 Grk “whose mouth is.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
19. 19 A quotation from Ps 10:7.
20. 20 Rom 3:15–17 is a quotation from Isa 59:7–8.
21. 21 A quotation from Ps 36:1.
22. 22 Grk “in,” “in connection with.”
23. 23 An allusion to Ps 143:2.
24. 24 Grk “because by the works of the law no flesh is justified before him.” Some recent scholars have understood the phrase ἒργα νόμου (erga nomou, “works of the law”) to refer not to obedience to the Mosaic law generally, but specifically to portions of the law that pertain to things like circumcision and dietary laws which set the Jewish people apart from the other nations (e.g., J. D. G. Dunn, Romans [], 1:). Other interpreters, like C. E. B. Cranfield (“‘The Works of the Law’ in the Epistle to the Romans,” 43 [1991]: 89–101) reject this narrow interpretation for a number of reasons, among which the most important are: (1) The second half of v. 20, “for through the law comes the knowledge of sin,” is hard to explain if the phrase “works of the law” is understood in a restricted sense; (2) the plural phrase “works of the law” would have to be understood in a different sense from the singular phrase “the work of the law” in 2:15; (3) similar phrases involving the law in Romans (2:13, 14; 2:25, 26, 27; 7:25; 8:4; and 13:8) which are naturally related to the phrase “works of the law” cannot be taken to refer to circumcision (in fact, in 2:25 circumcision is explicitly contrasted with keeping the law). Those interpreters who reject the “narrow” interpretation of “works of the law” understand the phrase to refer to obedience to the Mosaic law in general.
25. 25 Grk “is.”
26. 26 Νυνὶ δέ (Nuni de, “But now”) could be understood as either (1) logical or (2) temporal in force, but most recent interpreters take it as temporal, referring to a new phase in salvation history.
27. 27 Grk “being witnessed by the law and the prophets,” a remark which is virtually parenthetical to Paul’s argument.
28. 28 Or “faith in Christ.” A decision is difficult here. Though traditionally translated “faith in Jesus Christ,” an increasing number of NT scholars are arguing that πίστις Χριστοῦ (pistis Christou) and similar phrases in Paul (here and in v. 26; Gal 2:16, 20; 3:22; Eph 3:12; Phil 3:9) involve a subjective genitive and mean “Christ’s faith” or “Christ’s faithfulness” (cf., e.g., G. Howard, “The ‘Faith of Christ’,” 85 [1974]: 212–15; R. B. Hays, The Faith of Jesus Christ []; Morna D. Hooker, “Πίστις Χριστοῦ,” 35 [1989]: 321–42). Noteworthy among the arguments for the subjective genitive view is that when πίστις takes a personal genitive it is almost never an objective genitive (cf. Matt 9:2, 22, 29; Mark 2:5; 5:34; 10:52; Luke 5:20; 7:50; 8:25, 48; 17:19; 18:42; 22:32; Rom 1:8; 12; 3:3; 4:5, 12, 16; 1 Cor 2:5; 15:14, 17; 2 Cor 10:15; Phil 2:17; Col 1:4; 2:5; 1 Thess 1:8; 3:2, 5, 10; 2 Thess 1:3; Titus 1:1; Phlm 6; 1 Pet 1:9, 21; 2 Pet 1:5). On the other hand, the objective genitive view has its adherents: A. Hultgren, “The Pistis Christou Formulations in Paul,” 22 (1980): 248–63; J. D. G. Dunn, “Once More, ΠΙΣΤΙΣ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΥ,” Seminar Papers, 1991, 730–44. Most commentaries on Romans and Galatians usually side with the objective view. , which notes that the grammar is not decisive, nevertheless suggests that “the faith/faithfulness of Christ is not a denial of faith in Christ as a Pauline concept (for the idea is expressed in many of the same contexts, only with the verb πιστεύω rather than the noun), but implies that the object of faith is a worthy object, for he himself is faithful.” Though Paul elsewhere teaches justification by faith, this presupposes that the object of our faith is reliable and worthy of such faith.
29. 29 Or “declared righteous.” Grk “being justified,” as a continuation of the preceding clause. Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
30. 30 Or “purposed, intended.”
31. 31 Grk “whom God publicly displayed.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
32. 32 Grk “in his blood.” The prepositional phrase ἐν τῷ αὐτοῦ αἵματι (ejn tō aujtou haimati) is difficult to interpret. It is traditionally understood to refer to the atoning sacrifice Jesus made when he shed his blood on the cross, and as a modifier of ἱλαστήριον (hilastērion). This interpretation fits if ἱλαστήριον is taken to refer to a sacrifice. But if ἱλαστήριον is taken to refer to the place where atonement is made as this translation has done (see note on the phrase “mercy seat”), this interpretation of ἐν τῷ αὐτοῦ αἵματι creates a violent mixed metaphor. Within a few words Paul would switch from referring to Jesus as the place where atonement was made to referring to Jesus as the atoning sacrifice itself. A viable option which resolves this problem is to see ἐν τῷ αὐτοῦ αἵματι as modifying the verb προέθετο (proetheto). If it modifies the verb, it would explain the time or place in which God publicly displayed Jesus as the mercy seat; the reference to blood would be a metaphorical way of speaking of Jesus’ death. This is supported by the placement of ἐν τῷ αὐτοῦ αἵματι in the Greek text (it follows the noun, separated from it by another prepositional phrase) and by stylistic parallels with Rom 1:4. This is the interpretation the translation has followed, although it is recognized that many interpreters favor different options and translations. The prepositional phrase has been moved forward in the sentence to emphasize its connection with the verb, and the referent of the metaphorical language has been specified in the translation. For a detailed discussion of this interpretation, see D. P. Bailey, “Jesus As the Mercy Seat: The Semantics and Theology of Paul’s Use of Hilasterion in Romans 3:25” (Ph.D. diss., University of Cambridge, 1999).
33. 33 The word ἱλαστήριον (hilastērion) may carry the general sense “place of satisfaction,” referring to the place where God’s wrath toward sin is satisfied. More likely, though, it refers specifically to the “mercy seat,” i.e., the covering of the ark where the blood was sprinkled in the OT ritual on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur). This term is used only one other time in the NT: Heb 9:5, where it is rendered “mercy seat.” There it describes the altar in the most holy place (holy of holies). Thus Paul is saying that God displayed Jesus as the “mercy seat,” the place where propitiation was accomplished. See N. S. L. Fryer, “The Meaning and Translation of Hilasterion in Romans 3:25,” 59 (1987): 99–116, who concludes the term is a neuter accusative substantive best translated “mercy seat” or “propitiatory covering,” and D. P. Bailey, “Jesus As the Mercy Seat: The Semantics and Theology of Paul’s Use of Hilasterion in Romans 3:25” (Ph.D. diss., University of Cambridge, 1999), who argues that this is a direct reference to the mercy seat which covered the ark of the covenant.
34. 34 The prepositional phrase διὰ πίστεως (dia pisteōs) here modifies the noun ἱλαστήριον (hilastērion). As such it forms a complete noun phrase and could be written as “mercy-seat-accessible-through-faith” to emphasize the singular idea. See Rom 1:4 for a similar construction. The word “accessible” is not in the Greek text but has been supplied to clarify the idea expressed by the prepositional phrase (cf. : “effective through faith”).
35. 35 Grk “for a demonstration,” giving the purpose of God’s action in v. 25a. Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
36. 36 Grk “because of the passing over of sins previously committed in the forbearance of God.”
37. 37 The words “This was” have been repeated from the previous verse to clarify that this is a continuation of that thought. Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
38. 38 Grk “toward a demonstration,” repeating and expanding the purpose of God’s action in v. 25a.
39. 39 Or “righteous.”
40. 40 Or “of the one who has faith in Jesus.” See note on “faithfulness of Jesus Christ” in v. for the rationale behind the translation “Jesus’ faithfulness.”
41. 41 Although a number of interpreters understand the “boasting” here to refer to Jewish boasting, others (e.g. C. E. B. Cranfield, “ ‘The Works of the Law’ in the Epistle to the Romans,” 43 [1991]: 96) take the phrase to refer to all human boasting before God.
42. 42 Grk “By what sort of law?”
43. 43 Here ἄνθρωπον (anthrōpon) is used in an indefinite and general sense ( ἄνθρωπος 4.a.γ).
44. 44 See the note on the phrase “works of the law” in .
45. 45 Grk “but if indeed God is one.”
46. 46 Grk “render inoperative.”
47. 47 Grk “but” (Greek ἀλλά, alla).
48. 1 Or “according to natural descent” ( σάρξ 4).
49. 2 Grk “has found?”
50. 3 Or “was justified.”
51. 4 The term λογίζομαι (logizomai) occurs 11 times in this chapter (vv. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 22, 23, 24). In secular usage it could (a) refer to deliberations of some sort, or (b) in commercial dealings (as virtually a technical term) to “reckoning” or “charging up a debt.” See H. W. Heidland, 4:284, 290–92.
52. 5 A quotation from Gen 15:6.
53. 6 Grk “not according to grace but according to obligation.”
54. 7 Or “who justifies the ungodly.”
55. 8 Or “Happy.”
56. 9 The word for “man” or “individual” here is ἀνήρ (anēr), which often means “male” or “man (as opposed to woman).” However, as 2 says, here it is “equivalent to τὶς someone, a person.”
57. 10 The verb translated “count” here is λογίζομαι (logizomai). It occurs eight times in Rom 4:1–12, including here, each time with the sense of “place on someone’s account.” By itself the word is neutral, but in particular contexts it can take on a positive or negative connotation. The other occurrences of the verb have been translated using a form of the English verb “credit” because they refer to a positive event: the application of righteousness to the individual believer. The use here in v. 8 is negative: the application of sin. A form of the verb “credit” was not used here because of the positive connotations associated with that English word, but it is important to recognize that the same concept is used here as in the other occurrences.
58. 11 A quotation from Ps 32:1–2.
59. 12 Or “happiness.”
60. 13 Grk “upon.”
61. 14 See the note on “circumcision” in .
62. 15 Grk “upon.”
63. 16 A quotation from Gen 15:6.
64. 17 Grk “of the faith, the one [existing] in uncircumcision.”
65. 18 Grk “that he might be,” giving the purpose of v. 11a.
66. 19 Grk “through uncircumcision.”
67. 20 Grk “the father of circumcision.”
68. 21 Grk “the ‘in-uncircumcision faith’ of our father Abraham.”
69. 22 Although a singular noun, the promise is collective and does not refer only to Gen 12:7, but as D. Moo (Romans 1–8 [], 279) points out, refers to multiple aspects of the promise to Abraham: multiplied descendants (Gen 12:2), possession of the land (Gen 13:15–17), and his becoming the vehicle of blessing to all people (Gen 12:13).
70. 23 Grk “rendered inoperative.”
71. 24 Or “violation.”
72. 25 Grk “that it might be according to grace.”
73. 26 Grk “those who are of the faith of Abraham.”
74. 27 Verses 16–17 comprise one sentence in Greek, but this has been divided into two sentences due to English requirements. A quotation from Gen 17:5. The quotation forms a parenthesis in Paul’s argument.
75. 28 The words “He is our father” are not in the Greek text but are supplied to show that they resume Paul’s argument from 16b. (It is also possible to supply “Abraham had faith” here [so ], taking the relative clause [“who is the father of us all“] as part of the parenthesis, and making the connection back to “the faith of Abraham,” but such an option is not as likely [C. E. B. Cranfield, Romans [], 1:].)
76. 29 “The God” is not in the Greek text but is supplied for clarity.
77. 30 Or “calls into existence the things that do not exist.” The translation of ὡς ὄντα (hōs onta) allows for two different interpretations. If it has the force of result, then creatio ex nihilo is in view and the variant rendering is to be accepted (so C. E. B. Cranfield, Romans [], 1:). A problem with this view is the scarcity of ὡς plus participle to indicate result (though for the telic idea with ὡς plus participle, cf. Rom 15:15; 1 Thess 2:4). If it has a comparative force, then the translation given in the text is to be accepted: “this interpretation fits the immediate context better than a reference to God’s creative power, for it explains the assurance with which God can speak of the ‘many nations’ that will be descended from Abraham” (D. Moo, Romans [], 282; so also W. Sanday and A. C. Headlam, Romans [], ). Further, this view is in line with a Pauline idiom, , verb followed by ὡς plus participle (of the same verb or, in certain contexts, its antonym) to compare present reality with what is not a present reality (cf. 1 Cor 4:7; 5:3; 7:29, 30 (three times), 31; Col 2:20 [similarly, 2 Cor 6:9, 10]).
78. 31 Grk “he”; the referent (Abraham) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
79. 32 Grk “who against hope believed,” referring to Abraham. The relative pronoun was converted to a personal pronoun and, because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
80. 33 A quotation from Gen 17:5.
81. 34 Grk “according to that which had been spoken.”
82. 35 A quotation from Gen 15:5.
83. 36 Most (D F G Ψ 33 1881 𝔐 it) read “he did not consider” by including the negative particle (οὐ, ou), but others (א A B C 6 81 365 1506 1739 co) lack οὐ. The reading which includes the negative particle probably represents a scribal attempt to exalt the faith of Abraham by making it appear that his faith was so strong that he did not even consider the physical facts. But “here Paul does not wish to imply that faith means closing one’s eyes to reality, but that Abraham was so strong in faith as to be undaunted by every consideration” ( ). Both on external and internal grounds, the reading without the negative particle is preferred.
84. 37 Most witnesses (א A C D Ψ 33 𝔐 bo) have ἤδη (ēdē, “already”) at this point in v. 19. But B F G 630 1739 1881 lat sa lack it. Since it appears to heighten the style of the narrative and since there is no easy accounting for an accidental omission, it is best to regard the shorter text as original. includes the word in brackets, indicating doubt as to its authenticity.
85. 38 Grk “And he.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, δέ (de) has not been translated here.
86. 39 Grk “and being.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
87. 40 Grk “he”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
88. 41 Grk “him”; the referent (Abraham) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
89. 42 A quotation from Gen 15:6.
90. 43 Grk “his”; the referent (Abraham) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
91. 44 Grk “who,” referring to Jesus. The relative pronoun was converted to a personal pronoun and, because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation.
92. 45 Or “handed over.” The verb translated given over (παραδίδωμι, paradidōmi) is also used in Rom 1:24, 26, 28 to describe God giving people over to sin. But it is also used frequently in the gospels to describe Jesus being handed over (or delivered up, betrayed) by sinful men for crucifixion (cf., e.g., Matt 26:21; 27:4; Mark 8:31; 9:31; 10:33; 15:15; Luke 20:20; 22:24; 24:7). It is probable that Paul has both ideas in mind: Jesus was handed over by sinners, but even this betrayal was directed by the Father for our sake (because of our transgressions).
93. 46 Grk “because of.” However, in light of the unsatisfactory sense that a causal nuance would here suggest, it has been argued that the second διά (dia) is prospective rather than retrospective (D. Moo, Romans [], 288–89). The difficulty of this interpretation is the structural balance that both διά phrases provide (“given over because of our transgressions … raised because of our justification”). However the poetic structure of this verse strengthens the likelihood that the clauses each have a different force.
94. 47 Many scholars regard Rom 4:25 to be poetic or hymnic. These terms are used broadly to refer to the genre of writing, not to the content. There are two broad criteria for determining if a passage is poetic or hymnic: “(a) stylistic: a certain rhythmical lilt when the passages are read aloud, the presence of parallelismus membrorum (i.e., an arrangement into couplets), the semblance of some metre, and the presence of rhetorical devices such as alliteration, chiasmus, and antithesis; and (b) linguistic: an unusual vocabulary, particularly the presence of theological terms, which is different from the surrounding context” (P. T. O’Brien, Philippians [], ). Classifying a passage as hymnic or poetic is important because understanding this genre can provide keys to interpretation. However, not all scholars agree that the above criteria are present in this passage.
95. 1 Many interpreters see Rom 5:1 as beginning the second major division of the letter.
96. 2 A number of important witnesses have the subjunctive ἔχωμεν (echōmen, “let us have”) instead of ἔχομεν (echomen, “we have”) in v. 1. Included in the subjunctive’s support are א* A B* C D K L 33 81 630 1175 1739* lat bo. But the indicative is not without its supporters: א1 B2 F G P Ψ 0220vid 104 365 1241 1505 1506 1739c 1881 2464 . If the problem were to be solved on an external basis only, the subjunctive would be preferred. Because of this, the “A” rating on behalf of the indicative in the appears overly confident. Nevertheless, the indicative is probably correct. First, the earliest witness to Rom 5:1 has the indicative (0220vid, third century). Second, the first set of correctors is sometimes, if not often, of equal importance with the original hand. Hence, א1 might be given equal value with א*. Third, there is a good cross-section of witnesses for the indicative: Alexandrian (in 0220vid, probably א1 1241 1506 1881 ), Western (in F G), and Byzantine (noted in as ). Thus, although the external evidence is strongly in favor of the subjunctive, the indicative is represented well enough that its ancestry could easily go back to the original. Turning to the internal evidence, the indicative gains much ground. (1) The variant may have been produced via an error of hearing (since omicron and omega were pronounced alike in ancient Greek). This, of course, does not indicate which reading was original—just that an error of hearing may have produced one of them. In light of the indecisiveness of the transcriptional evidence, intrinsic evidence could play a much larger role. This is indeed the case here. (2) The indicative fits well with the overall argument of the book to this point. Up until now, Paul has been establishing the “indicatives of the faith.” There is only one imperative (used rhetorically) and only one hortatory subjunctive (and this in a quotation within a diatribe) up till this point, while from ch. 6 on there are sixty-one imperatives and seven hortatory subjunctives. Clearly, an exhortation would be out of place in ch. 5. (3) Paul presupposes that the audience has peace with God (via reconciliation) in 5:10. This seems to assume the indicative in v. 1. (4) As C. E. B. Cranfield notes, “it would surely be strange for Paul, in such a carefully argued writing as this, to exhort his readers to enjoy or to guard a peace which he has not yet explicitly shown to be possessed by them” (Romans [], 1:). (5) The notion that εἰρήνην ἔχωμεν (eirēnēn echōmen) can even naturally mean “enjoy peace” is problematic ( ), yet those who embrace the subjunctive have to give the verb some such force. Thus, although the external evidence is stronger in support of the subjunctive, the internal evidence points to the indicative. Although a decision is difficult, ἔχομεν appears to be the authentic reading.
97. 3 Or “exult, boast.”
98. 4 Here δέ (de) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
99. 5 The phrase ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ θεοῦ (hē agapē tou theou, “the love of God”) could be interpreted as either an objective genitive (“our love for God”), subjective genitive (“God’s love for us”), or both (M. Zerwick’s “general” genitive [, §§36–39]; D. B. Wallace’s “plenary” genitive [ ]). The immediate context, which discusses what God has done for believers, favors a subjective genitive, but the fact that this love is poured out within the hearts of believers implies that it may be the source for believers’ love for God; consequently an objective genitive cannot be ruled out. It is possible that both these ideas are meant in the text and that this is a plenary genitive: “The love that comes from God and that produces our love for God has been poured out within our hearts through the Holy Spirit who was given to us” ( ).
100. 6 On the OT background of the Spirit being poured out, see Isa 32:15; Joel 2:28–29.
101. 7 Verse 7 forms something of a parenthetical comment in Paul’s argument.
102. 8 Grk “having now been declared righteous.” The participle δικαιωθέντες (dikaiōthentes) has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.
103. 9 Or, according to §219.3, “at the price of his blood.”
104. 10 Grk “the wrath,” referring to God’s wrath as v. 10 shows.
105. 11 Here δέ (de) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
106. 12 Or “exult, boast.”
107. 13 Here ἀνθρώπους (anthrōpous) has been translated as a generic (“people”) since both men and women are clearly intended in this context.
108. 14 The translation of the phrase ἐφʼ ᾧ (eph hō) has been heavily debated. For a discussion of all the possibilities, see C. E. B. Cranfield, “On Some of the Problems in the Interpretation of Romans 5.12,” 22 (1969): 324–41. Only a few of the major options can be mentioned here: (1) the phrase can be taken as a relative clause in which the pronoun refers to Adam, “death spread to all people in whom [Adam] all sinned.” (2) The phrase can be taken with consecutive (resultative) force, meaning “death spread to all people with the result that all sinned.” (3) Others take the phrase as causal in force: “death spread to all people because all sinned.”
109. 15 Grk “for before the law.”
110. 16 Or “sin is not reckoned.”
111. 17 Or “pattern.”
112. 18 Or “disobeyed”; Grk “in the likeness of Adam’s transgression.”
113. 19 Grk “but not as the transgression, so also [is] the gracious gift.”
114. 20 Here the one man refers to Adam (cf. 5:14).
115. 21 Grk “and not as through the one who sinned [is] the gift.”
116. 22 The word “transgression” is not in the Greek text at this point, but has been supplied for clarity.
117. 23 Greek emphasizes the contrast between these two clauses more than can be easily expressed in English.
118. 24 Or “falls, trespasses,” the same word used in vv. 15, 17, 18, 20.
119. 25 Here the one man refers to Adam (cf. 5:14).
120. 26 There is a double connective here that cannot be easily preserved in English: “consequently therefore,” emphasizing the conclusion of what he has been arguing.
121. 27 Grk “[it is] unto condemnation for all people.”
122. 28 Here ἀνθρώπους (anthrōpous) has been translated as a generic (“people”) since both men and women are clearly intended in this context.
123. 29 There are no verbs in the Greek text of v. 18, forcing translators to supply phrases like “came through one transgression,” “resulted from one transgression,” etc.
124. 30 One transgression refers to the sin of Adam in Gen 3:1–24.
125. 31 The one righteous act refers to Jesus’ death on the cross.
126. 32 Grk “righteousness of life.”
127. 33 Here the one man refers to Adam (cf. 5:14).
128. 34 Grk “the many.”
129. 35 One man refers here to Jesus Christ.
130. 36 Grk “the many.”
131. 37 Grk “slipped in.”
132. 38 Or “trespass.”