Job 23

Footnotes

1. 58 Job answers Eliphaz, but not until he introduces new ideas for his own case with God. His speech unfolds in three parts: Job’s longing to meet God (23:2–7), the inaccessibility and power of God (23:8–17), the indifference of God (24:1–25).
2. 1 The reads here מְרִי (méri, “rebellious”). The word is related to the verb מָרָה (marah, “to revolt”). Many commentators follow the , Job, and the to read מַר (mar, “bitter”). The offers no help here.
3. 2 The (followed by the and ) has “my hand is heavy on my groaning.” This would mean “my stroke is heavier than my groaning” (an improbable view from Job). A better suggestion is that the meaning would be that Job tries to suppress his groans but the hand with which he suppresses them is too heavy (H. H. Rowley, Job [], 159). Budde, E. Dhorme, J. E. Hartley, and F. I. Andersen all maintain the as the more difficult reading. F. I. Andersen (Job [], ) indicates that the ִי(i) suffix could be an example of an unusual third masculine singular. Both the and the versions have “his hand,” and many modern commentators follow this, along with the present translation. In this case the referent of “his” would be God, whose hand is heavy upon Job in spite of Job’s groaning.
4. 3 The preposition can take this meaning; it could be also translated simply “upon.” R. Gordis (Job, 260) reads the preposition “more than,” saying that Job had been defiant (he takes that view) but God’s hand had been far worse.
5. 4 The optative here is again expressed with the verbal clause, “who will give [that] I knew.…”
6. 5 The form in Hebrew is וְאֶמְצָאֵהוּ (vé’emtsa’ehu), simply “and I will find him.” But in the optative clause this verb is subordinated to the preceding verb: “O that I knew where [and] I might find him.” It is not unusual to have the perfect verb followed by the imperfect in such coordinate clauses (see §120.e). This could also be translated making the second verb a complementary infinitive: “knew how to find him.” H. H. Rowley (Job [], 159) quotes Strahan without reference: “It is the chief distinction between Job and his friends that he desires to meet God and they do not.”
7. 6 This verb also depends on מִי־יִתֵּן (mi-yitten, “who will give”) of the first part, forming an additional clause in the wish formula.
8. 7 Or “his place of judgment.” The word is from כּוּן (kun, “to prepare; to arrange”) in the Polel and the Hiphil conjugations. The noun refers to a prepared place, a throne, a seat, or a sanctuary. A. B. Davidson (Job, 169) and others take the word to mean “judgment seat” or “tribunal” in this context.
9. 8 The word מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat) is normally “judgment; decision.” But in these contexts it refers to the legal case that Job will bring before God. With the verb עָרַךְ (’arakh, “to set in order; to lay out”) the whole image of drawing up a lawsuit is complete.
10. 9 Heb “the words he would answer me.”
11. 10 The verb is now רִיב (riv) and not יָכַח (yakhakh, “contend”); רִיב (riv) means “to quarrel; to dispute; to contend,” often in a legal context. Here it is still part of Job’s questioning about this hypothetical meeting—would God contend with all his power?
12. 11 The verbal clause יָשִׂם בִּי (yasim bi) has been translated “he would pay [attention] to me.” Job is saying that God will not need all his power—he will just have pay attention to Job’s complaint. Job does not need the display of power—he just wants a hearing.
13. 12 The adverb “there” has the sense of “then”—there in the future.
14. 13 The form of the verb is the Niphal נוֹכָח (nokkakh, “argue, present a case”). E. Dhorme (Job, 346) is troubled by this verbal form and so changes it and other things in the line to say, “he would observe the upright man who argues with him.” The Niphal is used for “engaging discussion,” “arguing a case,” and “settling a dispute.”
15. 14 The text has “the left hand,” the Semitic idiom for directions. One faces the rising sun, and so left is north, right is south.
16. 15 The form בַּעֲשֹׂתוֹ (ba’asoto) would be the temporal clause using the infinitive construct with a pronoun (subject genitive). This would be “when he works.” Several follow the with “I seek him.” The has “[when] he turns.” R. Gordis (Job, 261) notes that there is no need to emend the text; he shows a link to the Arabic cognate ghasa, “to cover.” To him this is a perfect parallel to יַעְטֹף (ya’tof, “covers himself”).
17. 16 The verb is the apocopated form of the imperfect. The object is supplied.
18. 17 The has “he turns,” but the and have “I turn.”
19. 18 The expression דֶּרֶךְ עִמָּדִי (derekh ’immadi) means “the way with me,” i.e., “the way that I take.” The has “my way and my standing.” Several commentators prefer “the way of my standing,” meaning where to look for me. J. Reider offers “the way of my life” (“Some notes to the text of the scriptures,” 3 [1926]: 115). Whatever the precise wording, Job knows that God can always find him.
20. 19 There is a perfect verb followed by an imperfect in this clause with the protasis and apodosis relationship (see §159.b).
21. 20 Heb “my foot.”
22. 21 Heb “held fast.”
23. 22 The last clause, “and I have not turned aside,” functions adverbially in the sentence. The form אָט (’at) is a pausal form of אַתֶּה (’atteh), the Hiphil of נָטָה (natah, “stretch out”).
24. 23 The form in the (מֵחֻקִּי, mekhuqqi) means “more than my portion” or “more than my law.” An expanded meaning results in “more than my necessary food” (see Ps 119:11; cf. , , ESV). חֹק 1 indicates that חֹק (khoq) has the meaning of “portion” and is here a reference to “what is appointed for me.” The and the Latin versions, along with many commentators, have בְּחֵקִי (békheqi, “in my bosom”).
25. 24 The has “But he [is] in one.” Many add the word “mind” to capture the point that God is resolute and unchanging. Some commentators find this too difficult, and so change the text from בְאֶחָד (bé’ekhad, here “unchangeable”) to בָחָר (bakhar, “he has chosen”). The wording in the text is idiomatic and should be retained. R. Gordis (Job, 262) translates it “he is one, i.e., unchangeable, fixed, determined.” The preposition בּ (bet) is a bet essentiae—“and he [is] as one,” or “he is one” (see §119.i).
26. 25 Heb “cause him to return.”
27. 26 Or “his soul.”
28. 27 The text has “my decree,” which means “the decree [plan] for/against me.” The suffix is objective, equivalent to a dative of disadvantage. The and the actually have “his decree.” R. Gordis (Job, 262) suggests taking it in the same sense as in Job 14:5: “my limit.”.
29. 28 Heb “and many such [things] are with him.” The text is saying that many similar situations are under God’s rule of the world—his plans are infinite.
30. 29 The verb הֵרַךְ (kherakh) means “to be tender”; in the Piel it would have the meaning “to soften.” The word is used in parallel constructions with the verbs for “fear.” The implication is that God has made Job fearful.
31. 30 This is a very difficult verse. The Hebrew text literally says: “for I have not been destroyed because of darkness, and because of my face [which] gloom has covered.” Most commentators omit the negative adverb, which gives the meaning that Job is enveloped in darkness and reduced to terror. The verb נִצְמַתִּי (nitsmatti) means “I have been silent” (as in Arabic and Aramaic), and so obviously the negative must be retained—he has not been silent.