Hosea 14

Footnotes

1. 1 Heb “For you have stumbled in your iniquity”; , “because of your iniquity.”
2. 2 Heb “Take words with you and return to the Lord” (so , , ).
3. 3 The word order כָּל־תִּשָּׂא עָוֹן (kol-tisa’ ’avon) is syntactically awkward. The editors suggest rearranging the word order: תִּשָּׂא כָּל־עוֹן (“Forgive all [our] iniquity!”). However, Gesenius suggests that כָּל (“all”) does not function as the construct in the genitive phrase כָּל־עוֹן (“all [our] iniquity”); it functions adverbially modifying the verb תִּשָּׂא (“Completely forgive!”; see §128.e).
4. 4 The repetition of the root לָקַח (laqakh) creates a striking wordplay in 14:2. If Israel will bring (לָקַח) its confession to God, he will accept (לָקַח) repentant Israel and completely forgive its sin.
5. 5 Heb “and accept [our] speech.” The word טוֹב (tov) is often confused with the common homonymic root I טוֹב (tov, “good”; 373 I טוֹב). However, this is probably IV טוֹב (tov, “word, speech”; IV טוֹב), a that is related to the verb טבב (“to speak”; טבב) and the noun טִבָּה (tibbah, “rumor”; טִבָּה). The term טוֹב (“word; speech”) refers to the repentant prayer mentioned in 14:1–3. Most translations relate it to I טוֹב and treat it as (1) accusative direct object: “accept that which is good” (, ), “Accept our good sacrifices” (), or (2) adverbial accusative of manner: “receive [us] graciously” (, , ). Note , however, which follows the suggestion made here: “accept our prayer.”
6. 6 The reads פָרִים (farim, “bulls”), but the reflects פְּרִי (péri, “fruit”), a reading followed by , , : “that we may offer the fruit of [our] lips [as sacrifices to you].” Although the Greek expression in Heb 13:15 (καρπὸν χειλέων, karpon xeileōn, “the fruit of lips”) reflects this phrase, the makes good sense as it stands; NT usage of the should not be considered decisive in resolving OT textual problems. The noun פָרִים (parim, “bulls”) functions as an adverbial accusative of state.
7. 7 Heb “For the orphan is shown compassion by you.” The present translation takes “orphan” as a figurative reference to Israel, which is specified in the translation for clarity.
8. 8 The noun מְשׁוּבָתָה (méshuvatah, “waywardness”; cf. “backsliding”) is from the same root as שׁוּבָה (shuvah, “return!”) in 14:1[2]. This repetition of שׁוּב (shuv) creates a wordplay which emphasizes reciprocity: if Israel will return (שׁוּבָה, shuvah) to the Lord, he will cure her of the tendency to turn away (מְשׁוּבָתָה) from him.
9. 9 The noun נְדָבָה (nédavah, “voluntariness; free-will offering”) is an adverbial accusative of manner: “freely, voluntarily” ( 621 נְדָבָה 1). Cf. “without limit”; “with all my heart”; “my love will know no bounds.”
10. 10 The verb שָׁב, shav, “will turn” (Qal perfect 3rd person masculine singular from שׁוּב, shuv, “to turn”) continues the wordplay on שׁוּב in 14:1–4[2–5]. If Israel will “return” (שׁוּב) to the Lord, he will heal Israel’s tendency to “turn away” (מְשׁוּבָתָה, méshuvatah) and “turn” (שָׁב) from his anger.
11. 11 Heb “like Lebanon” (so ; also in the following verse). The phrase “a cedar of” does not appear in the Hebrew text; it is supplied in translation for clarity. Cf. “the trees of Lebanon”; “the forests of Lebanon.”
12. 12 Hosea uses the similar-sounding terms יָשֻׁבוּ יֹשְׁבֵי (yashuvu yoshve, “the dwellers will return”) to create a wordplay between the roots שׁוּב (shuv, “to return”) and יָשַׁב (yashav, “to dwell; to reside”).
13. 13 Heb “they will cause the grain to live” or “they will revive the grain.” Some English versions treat this as a comparison: “they shall revive as the corn” (); “will flourish like the grain” ().
14. 14 The Hebrew expression מַה־לִּי עוֹד (mah-li ’od) is a formula of repudiation/emphatic denial that God has anything in common with idols: “I want to have nothing to do with […] any more!” Cf., e.g., Judg 11:12; 2 Sam 16:10; 19:23; 1 Kgs 17:18; 2 Kgs 3:13; 2 Chr 35:21; Jer 2:18; Ps 50:16; 553 מָה 1.d.(c).
15. 15 The term “like” does not appear in the Hebrew text, but is supplied in the translation for clarity, as in the majority of English versions (including ).
16. 16 Cf. “a green fir tree”; , “a green pine tree”; “an evergreen cypress.”
17. 17 Heb “your fruit is found in me”; “your faithfulness comes from me.”
18. 18 The shortened form of the prefix-conjugation verb וְיָבֵן (véyaven) indicates that it is a jussive rather than an imperfect. When a jussive comes from a superior to an inferior, it may connote exhortation and instruction or advice and counsel. For the functions of the jussive, see §34.3.