^5:12So then, just as sin entered the world through one man and death through sin, and so death spread to all people¹³ because¹⁴ all sinned—^5:13for before the law was given,¹⁵ sin was in the world, but there is no accounting for sin¹⁶ when there is no law. ^5:14Yet death reigned from Adam until Moses even over those who did not sin in the same way that Adam (who is a type¹⁷ of the coming one) transgressed.¹⁸^5:15But the gracious gift is not like the transgression.¹⁹ For if the many died through the transgression of the one man,²⁰ how much more did the grace of God and the gift by the grace of the one man Jesus Christ multiply to the many! ^5:16And the gift is not like the one who sinned.²¹ For judgment, resulting from the one transgression,²² led to condemnation, but²³ the gracious gift from the many failures²⁴ led to justification. ^5:17For if, by the transgression of the one man,²⁵ death reigned through the one, how much more will those who receive the abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one, Jesus Christ!

^5:18Consequently,²⁶ just as condemnation²⁷ for all people²⁸ came²⁹ through one transgression,³⁰ so too through the one righteous act³¹ came righteousness leading to life³² for all people. ^5:19For just as through the disobedience of the one man³³ many³⁴ were made sinners, so also through the obedience of one man³⁵ many³⁶ will be made righteous.

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Footnotes

13 Here ἀνθρώπους (anthrōpous) has been translated as a generic (“people”) since both men and women are clearly intended in this context.
14 The translation of the phrase ἐφʼ ᾧ (eph hō) has been heavily debated. For a discussion of all the possibilities, see C. E. B. Cranfield, “On Some of the Problems in the Interpretation of Romans 5.12,” 22 (1969): 324–41. Only a few of the major options can be mentioned here: (1) the phrase can be taken as a relative clause in which the pronoun refers to Adam, “death spread to all people in whom [Adam] all sinned.” (2) The phrase can be taken with consecutive (resultative) force, meaning “death spread to all people with the result that all sinned.” (3) Others take the phrase as causal in force: “death spread to all people because all sinned.”
15 Grk “for before the law.”
16 Or “sin is not reckoned.”
17 Or “pattern.”
18 Or “disobeyed”; Grk “in the likeness of Adam’s transgression.”
19 Grk “but not as the transgression, so also [is] the gracious gift.”
20 Here the one man refers to Adam (cf. 5:14).
21 Grk “and not as through the one who sinned [is] the gift.”
22 The word “transgression” is not in the Greek text at this point, but has been supplied for clarity.
23 Greek emphasizes the contrast between these two clauses more than can be easily expressed in English.
24 Or “falls, trespasses,” the same word used in vv. 15, 17, 18, 20.
25 Here the one man refers to Adam (cf. 5:14).
26 There is a double connective here that cannot be easily preserved in English: “consequently therefore,” emphasizing the conclusion of what he has been arguing.
27 Grk “[it is] unto condemnation for all people.”
28 Here ἀνθρώπους (anthrōpous) has been translated as a generic (“people”) since both men and women are clearly intended in this context.
29 There are no verbs in the Greek text of v. 18, forcing translators to supply phrases like “came through one transgression,” “resulted from one transgression,” etc.
30 One transgression refers to the sin of Adam in Gen 3:1–24.
31 The one righteous act refers to Jesus’ death on the cross.
32 Grk “righteousness of life.”
33 Here the one man refers to Adam (cf. 5:14).
34 Grk “the many.”
35 One man refers here to Jesus Christ.
36 Grk “the many.”