Psalm 24

Footnotes

1. 11 Psalm 24. The psalmist affirms the universal kingship of the sovereign creator, reminds his people that only the morally pure are qualified to worship him, and celebrates his splendor as a mighty warrior king.
2. 1 The prefixed verbal form is understood as a preterite, referring to the creation of the world.
3. 2 He … established it upon the ocean currents. The description reflects ancient Israelite prescientific cosmology, which is based on outward appearances. The language also suggests that God’s creative work involved the subjugation of chaos, symbolized by the sea.
4. 3 The imperfects in v. 3 are modal, expressing potential or permission.
5. 4 In this context the Lord’s mountain probably refers to Zion/Jerusalem (see Isa 2:2–3).
6. 5 Heb “the innocent of hands and the pure of heart.” The “hands” allude to one’s actions, the “heart” to one’s thought life and motives.
7. 6 Heb “who does not lift up for emptiness my life.” The first person pronoun on נַפְשִׁי (nafshiy, “my life”) makes little sense here; many medieval Hebrew support the ancient versions in reading a third person pronoun “his.” The idiom “lift the life” here means to “long for” or “desire strongly.” In this context (note the reference to an oath in the following line) “emptiness” probably refers to speech (see Ps 12:2).
8. 7 Heb “and does not swear an oath deceitfully.”
9. 8 Heb “he (the righteous individual described in v. 4) lifts up a blessing from the Lord.” The singular subject is representative here, as v. 6 makes clear. The referent (godly people like the individual in v. 4) has been specified in the translation for clarity. The imperfect verbal form is generalizing; such people are typically rewarded for their deeds.
10. 9 “and vindication from the God of his deliverance.”
11. 10 Heb “this [is the] generation of the ones seeking him, the ones seeking your face, Jacob.” To “seek the Lord’s face” means to seek his favor through prayer (see 2 Sam 21:1; Pss 27:8; 105:4). This verse presents a somewhat idealized view of Jacob’s descendants as devoted worshipers of the Lord.
12. 11 Heb “lift up your heads.” The gates of the Lord’s dwelling place are here personified. The idiom “lift up the head” often means “be confident, bold” (see Judg 8:28; Job 10:15; Ps 83:2; Zech 1:21).
13. 12 Heb “lift yourselves up.”
14. 13 Or “king of glory.”
15. 14 Following the imperatives of the preceding lines, the prefixed verbal form with vav (ו) conjunctive indicates purpose or result.
16. 15 Who is this majestic king? Perhaps the personified gates/doors ask this question, in response to the command given in v. 7.
17. 16 Traditionally, “the Lord of hosts,” a title which here pictures the Lord as a mighty warrior-king who leads armies into battle.