Matthew 10:2–4

Footnotes

1. 4 The term apostles is rare in the gospels, found only here, Mark 3:14, and six more times in Luke (6:13; 9:10; 11:49; 17:5; 22:14; 24:10).
2. 5 In the various lists of the twelve, Simon (that is, Peter) is always mentioned first (see also Mark 3:16–19; Luke 6:13–16; Acts 1:13) and the first four are always the same, though not in the same order after Peter.
3. 6 Bartholomew (meaning “son of Tolmai” in Aramaic) could be another name for Nathanael mentioned in John 1:45.
4. 7 This is the “doubting Thomas” of John 20:24–29.
5. 8 See the note on tax collectors in .
6. 9 Witnesses differ on the identification of the last disciple mentioned in v. 3: He is called Λεββαῖος (Lebbaios, “Lebbaeus”) in D, Judas Zelotes in it, and not present in sys. The Byzantine text, along with a few others (C[*],2 L W Θ f1 33 𝔐), conflates earlier readings by calling him “Lebbaeus, who was called Thaddaeus,” while codex 13 conflate by way of transposition (“Thaddaeus, who was called Lebbaeus”). But excellent witnesses of the earliest texttypes (א B f13 892 lat co) call him merely Θαδδαῖος (THaddaios, “Thaddaeus”), a reading which, because of this support, is most likely correct.
7. 10 Grk “the Cananean,” but according to both Καναναῖος and L&N 11.88, this term has no relation at all to the geographical terms for Cana or Canaan, but is derived from the Aramaic term for “enthusiast, zealot” (see Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13), possibly because of an earlier affiliation with the party of the Zealots. He may not have been technically a member of the particular Jewish nationalistic party known as “Zealots” (since according to some scholars this party had not been organized at that time), but simply someone who was zealous for Jewish independence from Rome, in which case the term would refer to his temperament.
8. 11 There is some debate about what the name Iscariot means. It probably alludes to a region in Judea and thus might make Judas the only non-Galilean in the group. Several explanations for the name Iscariot have been proposed, but it is probably transliterated Hebrew with the meaning “man of Kerioth” (there are at least two villages that had that name). For further discussion see D. L. Bock, Luke (), 1:; also D. A. Carson, John, 304.
9. 12 Grk “who even betrayed him.”