Micah 1:8–16

Footnotes

1. 34 The prophet is probably the speaker here.
2. 35 Or “stripped.” The precise meaning of this Hebrew word is unclear. It may refer to walking barefoot (see 2 Sam 15:30) or to partially stripping oneself (see Job 12:17–19).
3. 36 Heb “naked.” This probably does not refer to complete nudity, but to stripping off one’s outer garments as an outward sign of the destitution felt by the mourner.
4. 37 Heb “I will make lamentation.”
5. 38 Or “a jackal”; “howling wolves.”
6. 39 Heb “[make] a mourning.”
7. 40 Or perhaps “ostrich” (cf. , , , , ).
8. 41 Heb “her”; the referent (Samaria) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
9. 42 The reads the plural “wounds”; the singular is read by the , , and . Or “wound.”
10. 43 Heb “come to.”
11. 44 Or “reached.”
12. 45 Heb “the gate.” Kings and civic leaders typically conducted important business at the city gate (see 1 Kgs 22:10 for an example), and the term is understood here to refer by metonymy to the leadership who would be present at the gate.
13. 46 Heb “to Jerusalem.” The expression “it has contaminated” do not appear in the Hebrew text, but have been supplied to fill out the parallelism with the preceding line. For location see ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
14. 47 Heb “Tell it not in Gath.” The Hebrew word for “tell” (נָגַד, nagad) sounds like the name of the city, Gath (גַּת, gat).
15. 48 The Hebrew infinitive absolute before the negated jussive emphasizes the prohibition.
16. 49 The translation assumes a masculine plural imperative. If one were to emend בְּבֵית (bévet) to בֵית (vet), Beth Leaphrah would then be the addressee and the feminine singular imperative (see Qere) could be retained, “O Beth Leaphrah, sit in the dust.” Heb “roll about in mourning in the dust”; or “wallow about in mourning in the dust.” The verb פָּלַשׁ (palash, “roll about in mourning [in dust]”; פלשׁ) is figurative (metonymy) for sitting as an outward sign of mourning. To sit in the dust was an outward sign of mourning. The name Beth Leaphrah means “house of dust.”
17. 50 The Hebrew participial form, which is feminine singular, is here used in a collective sense for the all the residents of the town. See §122.s.
18. 51 The place name Shaphir means “pleasant” in Hebrew.
19. 52 The imperatival form is used rhetorically, emphasizing that the inhabitants of Shaphir will pass by into exile.
20. 53 Heb “have not come out”; “will not come out”; “dare not come outside.” The expression can’t leave their city alludes to a siege of the town. The place name Zaanan sounds like the verb “come out” (i.e., “can’t leave”) in Hebrew.
21. 54 The place name Beth Ezel means “house of nearness” or “house of proximity” in Hebrew.
22. 55 Heb “the lamentation of Beth Ezel.” The following words could be the lamentation offered up by Beth Ezel (subjective genitive) or the mourning song sung over it (objective genitive).
23. 56 The form עֶמְדָּתוֹ (’emdato) should be emended to חֲמַדְּתוֹ (khamadto, “his (the conqueror’s) desire”). The precise meaning of the line is uncertain. The translation assumes: (a) the subject of the third masculine singular verb יִקַּח (yiqqakh, “he/it takes”) is the conqueror, (b) the second masculine plural suffix (“you”) on the preposition מִן (min, “from”) refers to the residents of Shaphir and Zaanan, (c) the final form עֶמְדָּתוֹ should be emended to חֲמַדְּתוֹ, “his (the conqueror’s) desire.”
24. 57 The place name Maroth sounds like the Hebrew word for “bitter.”
25. 58 The translation assumes an emendation of חָלָה (khalah; from חִיל, khil, “to writhe”) to יִחֲלָה (yikhalah; from יָחַל, yakhal, “to wait”). Heb “[the residents of Maroth] writhe [= “anxiously long for”?] good.”
26. 59 Heb “though disaster has come down from the Lord to the gate of Jerusalem.”
27. 60 The place name Lachish sounds like the Hebrew word for “team [of horses].”
28. 61 Heb “she”; this has been translated as second person (“you”) in keeping with the direct address to the residents of Lachish in the previous line.
29. 62 The epithet Daughter Zion pictures the city of Jerusalem as a young lady.
30. 63 Heb “She was the beginning of sin for Daughter Zion.”
31. 64 Heb “for in you was found the transgressions of Israel.”
32. 65 The subject of the feminine singular verb is probably Lachish.
33. 66 Heb “you will give a dowry to”; , , , “give parting gifts to.” Lachish is compared to a father who presents wedding gifts to his daughter as she leaves her father’s home to take up residence with her husband. In similar fashion Lachish will bid farewell to Moresheth Gath, for the latter will be taken by the invader.
34. 67 Heb “houses.” By metonymy this refers to the people who live in them.
35. 68 The place name Achzib (אַכְזִיב, ’akhziv, “place on the dried up river”; see אַכְזָב) creates a word play on the similar sounding term כָּזָב (kazav, “lie, deception”; כָּזָב). Like the dried up river upon which its name was based, the city of Achzib would fail to help the kings of Israel in their time of need.
36. 69 Or “will be a deception.” The term אַכְזָב (’akhzav) is often translated “deception,” as derived from the verb I כָּזָב (“to deceive, lie”; I כזב). However, it probably means “what is dried up,” since (1) the noun elsewhere refers to an empty well or dried river in summer (Jer 15:18; cf. Job 6:15–20) ( אַכְזָב); (2) the place-name “Achzib” (אַכְזִיב) literally means “place on the אַכְזָב [dried up river]” ( אַכְזָב); and (3) it is derived from the verb II כָּזָב (“to dry up [brook]”; Isa 58:11), which also appears in Mishnaic Hebrew and Arabic. The point of the metaphor is that Achzib will be as disappointing to the kings of Israel as a dried up spring in the summer is to a thirsty traveler in the Jordanian desert.
37. 70 Because of the enemy invasion, Achzib would not be able to deliver soldiers for the army and/or services normally rendered to the crown.
38. 71 The place name Mareshah sounds like the Hebrew word for “conqueror.”
39. 72 Heb “Again a conqueror I will bring to you, residents of Mareshah.” The first person verb is problematic, for the Lord would have to be the subject (cf. , , , , ). But the prophet appears to be delivering this lament and the Lord is referred to in the third person in v. 12. Consequently many emend the verb to a third person form (יָבוֹא, yavo’) and understand the “conqueror” as subject.
40. 73 Heb “to Adullam the glory of Israel will go.” This probably means that the nation’s leadership will run for their lives and, like David of old, hide from their enemy in the caves of Adullam. Cf. ’s “He who is the glory of Israel will come to Adullam,” which sounds as if an individual is in view, and could be understood as a messianic reference.
41. 74 Heb “over the sons of your delight.”
42. 75 Heb “make wide your baldness.”
43. 76 Or “a vulture” (cf. , ); “a buzzard.” The Hebrew term נֶשֶׁר (nesher) refers to the griffon vulture or eagle.