Acts 25:1–12

Footnotes

1. 1 οὖν 2.b states, “οὖν serves to indicate a transition to someth. new … now, then, well … Ac 25:1.”
2. 2 See the note on Porcius Festus in .
3. 3 For location see ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
4. 4 Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in . This was a journey of 65 mi (just over 100 km). For location see ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
5. 5 πρῶτος 2.a.β has “οἱ πρῶτοι the most prominent men, the leading men of the place … or of a group … οἱ πρ. τοῦ λαοῦ … Lk 19:47; cp. Ac 25:2; 28:17.”
6. 6 ἐμφανίζω 3 has “ἐ. τινὶ κατά τινος bring formal charges against someone … Ac 24:1; 25:2.” Note how quickly the Jewish leadership went after Paul: They brought formal charges against him within three days of Festus’ arrival in the province.
7. 7 Grk “Requesting a favor against him”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation, the understood direct object of “requesting” has been supplied, and the phrase “to do them” supplied for clarity.
8. 8 Grk “him”; the referent (Festus) has been specified in the translation for clarity. The words “they urged him” are in v. 2 in the Greek text.
9. 9 Planning an ambush. The Jewish leadership had not forgotten the original plan of several years ago (see 23:16). They did not trust the Roman legal process, but preferred to take matters into their own hands.
10. 10 See the note on Porcius Festus in .
11. 11 Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in .
12. 12 The word “there” is not in the Greek text but is implied.
13. 13 Grk “let those who are influential among you” (i.e., the powerful).
14. 14 The word “there” is not in the Greek text, but is implied.
15. 15 Grk “and if there is anything wrong with this man,” but this could be misunderstood in English to mean a moral or physical defect, while the issue in context is the commission of some crime, something legally improper ( ἄτοπος 2).
16. 16 κατηγορέω 1 states, “nearly always as legal t.t.: bring charges in court.” L&N 33.427 states for κατηγορέω, “to bring serious charges or accusations against someone, with the possible connotation of a legal or court context—‘to accuse, to bring charges.”
17. 17 Grk “he”; the referent (Festus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
18. 18 Grk “Having stayed.” The participle διατρίψας (diatripsas) has been taken temporally.
19. 19 Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). See the note on Caesarea in . For location see ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
20. 20 Grk “sitting down … he ordered.” The participle καθίσας (kathisas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
21. 21 Although βῆμα 3 gives the meaning “tribunal” for this verse, and a number of modern translations use similar terms (“court,” ; “tribunal,” ), since the bēma was a standard feature in Greco-Roman cities of the time, there is no need for an alternative translation here. The judgment seat (βῆμα, bēma) was a raised platform mounted by steps and sometimes furnished with a seat, used by officials in addressing an assembly or making pronouncements, often on judicial matters. The judgment seat was a familiar item in Greco-Roman culture, often located in the agora, the public square or marketplace in the center of a city.
22. 22 περιίστημι 1.a has “περιέστησαν αὐτὸν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι the Judeans stood around him 25:7.”
23. 23 Grk “many and serious.” The term βαρύς (barus) refers to weighty or serious charges ( 1).
24. 24 The term ἀποδείκνυμι (apodeiknumi) in a legal context refers to legal proof (4 Macc 1:8; 3).
25. 25 Grk “Paul saying in his defense”; the participle ἀπολογουμένου (apologoumenou) could be taken temporally (“when Paul said …”), but due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the participle was translated as a finite verb and a new sentence begun here in the translation. ἀπολογέομαι has “W. ὅτι foll. τοῦ Παύλου ἀπολογουμένου, ὅτι when Paul said in his defense (direct quot. foll.) Ac 25:8.”
26. 26 Grk “I have sinned … in nothing.”
27. 27 Grk “against the law of the Jews.” Here τῶν Ἰουδαίων has been translated as an attributive genitive. The Jewish law refers to the law of Moses.
28. 28 Or “against the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor). Paul’s threefold claim to be innocent with respect to the law … the temple and Caesar argues that he has not disturbed the peace at any level. This was the standard charge made against early Christians (Luke 23:2; Acts 17:6–7). The charges here are emphatically denied, with the Greek conjunction oute repeated before each charge.
29. 29 See the note on Porcius Festus in .
30. 30 Or “stand trial.”
31. 31 Grk “concerning these things.”
32. 32 Grk “said.”
33. 33 Or “before the emperor’s” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).
34. 34 Although BDAG 175 βῆμα 3 gives the meaning “tribunal” for this verse, and a number of modern translations use similar terms (“court,” ; “tribunal,” ), since the bema was a standard feature in Greco-Roman cities of the time, there is no need for an alternative translation here. Here of course Paul’s reference to “Caesar’s judgment seat” is a form of metonymy; since Festus is Caesar’s representative, Festus’ judgment seat represents Caesar’s own. The judgment seat (βῆμα, bēma) was a raised platform mounted by steps and sometimes furnished with a seat, used by officials in addressing an assembly or making pronouncements, often on judicial matters. The judgment seat was a familiar item in Greco-Roman culture, often located in the agora, the public square or marketplace in the center of a city.
35. 35 That is, tried by an imperial representative and subject to Roman law.
36. 36 “I have done nothing wrong.” Here is yet another declaration of total innocence on Paul’s part.
37. 37 καλῶς 7 states, “comp. κάλλιον (for the superl., as Galen, Protr. 8 p. 24, 19J.=p. 10, 31 Kaibel; s. B-D-F §244, 2) ὡς καί σὺ κ. ἐπιγινώσκεις as also you know very well Ac 25:10.”
38. 38 ἀδικέω 1.b has “intr. be in the wrong (Ex 2:13) εἰ ἀδικῶ Ac 25:11.”
39. 39 παραιτέομαι 2.b.β, “οὐ παραιτοῦμαι τὸ ἀποθανεῖν I am not trying to escape death Ac 25:11 (cp. Jos., Vi. 141).” To avoid redundancy in the translation, the English gerund “dying” is used to translate the Greek infinitive ἀποθανεῖν (apothanein).
40. 40 Or “but if there is nothing to their charges against me.” Both “if” clauses in this verse are first class conditions. Paul stated the options without prejudice, assuming in turn the reality of each for the sake of the argument.
41. 41 That is, no one can hand me over to them lawfully. Paul was aware of the dangers of a return to Jerusalem.
42. 42 Or “to the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor). The appeal to Caesar was known as the provocatio ad Caesarem. It was a Roman citizen’s right to ask for a direct judgment by the emperor (Pliny the Younger, Letters 10.96). It was one of the oldest rights of Roman citizens.
43. 43 That is, with his advisers.
44. 44 See the note on Porcius Festus in .
45. 45 Or “to the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).
46. 46 Or “to the emperor.”
47. 47 “To Caesar you will go!” In all probability Festus was pleased to send Paul on to Rome and get this political problem out of his court.