Libya (לוּב, luv; Λιβύη, Libyē). The country in North Africa located immediately west of Egypt. Libyans were part of Shishak’s army when he invaded Judah (2 Chr 12:3; 16:8; Nah 3:9). Many biblical references to Libya or the Libyans include them among allies of Egypt (2 Chr 12:3; 16:8; Dan 11:43) or mention them along with other kingdoms of northern Africa, like Egypt, Ethiopia, Put, and Lud (Ezek 30:5; Nah 3:9). In 2 Chronicles 16:7–9, Hanani the seer criticizes Asa, king of Judah, for relying on Aram (or Syria) for military assistance instead of trusting Yahweh. Hanani reminds Asa how Yahweh had delivered him from a large army composed of Cushites (or Ethiopians) and Libyans—an allusion to Judah’s successful defense against invasion in 2 Chr 14:9–15. Hanani’s reference to Libyans suggests they were part of the invading force from 2 Chr 14, even though Libyans are not mentioned explicitly in that account. The North African allies of Egypt—Cush, Put, Lud, and Libya—are frequently mentioned together, often in pairs (Jer 46:9; Ezek 27:10; 30:5; 38:5; Nah 3:9). The similar Hebrew spellings of the names led to inconsistencies among ancient witnesses to the biblical text. For example, the Septuagint uses Λίβυες (Libyes, “Libyans”) for “Put” (פוּט, phut) in Ezek 27:10 and 38:5, but for “Libyans” (לוּבִים, luvim) in 2 Chr 12:3 and 16:8 (as well as in Dan 11:43; Nah 3:9; Zimmerli, Ezekiel, 123). The graphical similarity between “Libya” (לוּב, luv) and “Lud” (לוּד, lud) also could have caused confusion between references to the different peoples. Libya is referred to as כּוּב (kuv) in Ezek 30:5, but this is likely a scribal error for לוּב (luv) (see Zimmerli, Ezekiel, 123). Libya is mentioned once in the New Testament, where it is associated with Cyrene (Acts 2:10).