3:1 my heart This phrase is used throughout Song 3:1–5. The Hebrew word used here, nephesh (often rendered as “soul” or “life”), can carry the sense of “appetite” (compare Eccl 6:9). Here, it indicates the woman’s desire for her beloved; she loves him with her entire being.

Old Testament Anthropology

3:2 in the streets Contrasts Song 1:7–8, where the woman asks the man for his location so she does not have to search for him. Since the city at night would not be a safe or respectable place for a young woman (Prov 7:10–12), she likely dreams or imagines this scenario.

3:3 sentinels who go about in the city found me The watchmen were in charge of guarding the city walls and gates (Neh 11:19; Isa 62:6). They highlight the woman’s search for her beloved, as she asks others of his whereabouts while she looks for him. In a later poem, they deal harshly with her (see Song 5:7 and note).

3:4 I held him Upon finding her beloved, the woman holds on to him tightly.

I would not let him go The word lo-raphah can mean “to not leave or abandon” (Deut 4:31) or “to keep a protective grasp on something” (Job 27:6; Prov 4:13). Here, it indicates the joy and relief the woman feels upon finding her beloved.

I brought him to the house of my mother Indicates the woman’s intention to enjoy intimacy in a secure, private place (compare Song 8:2). As opposed to the previous poem (Song 2:8–17), the woman actively pursues her beloved, bringing him back to her mother’s house.

3:6 a column of smoke The intent of this reference is uncertain. It may refer to plumes of dust being kicked up by the procession. It is also possible that the smoke emanates from the burning of fragrant incense.

myrrh A fragrant gum used in incense and perfume. See note on 1:13.

frankincense The Hebrew text here refers to a fragrant resin used as incense (Exod 30:34) and in other offerings (Lev 2:1; 24:7).

3:7 It is Solomon’s portable couch This word describes a portable couch or bed that would be carried. It could have been made for Solomon, indicating that it carries the beloved (see note on 1:4). Alternatively, it could have been made by Solomon, and brings the woman to her beloved.

3:9 Lebanon An area known for its timber (1 Kgs 4:33). See Ezra 3:7 and note; Isa 60:13 and note.

3:10 is inlaid with leather The description of the carriage includes extravagant displays of wealth. In addition to these rare and costly items, it is said to be lined with love. This could indicate that it was made lovingly or with care.

3:11 O maidens of Zion The woman encourages the daughters of Zion—who should be identified with the daughters of Jerusalem—to go out and look upon her king dressed in wedding garments. Compare note on 2:7.