Philippians 2:1–10

Footnotes

1. 1 Or “spiritual fellowship” if πνεύματος (pneumatos) is an attributive genitive; or “fellowship brought about by the Spirit” if πνεύματος is a genitive of source or production.
2. 2 Grk “and any affection and mercy.” The Greek idea, however, is best expressed by “or” in English.
3. 3 Or “and feel the same way,” “and think the same thoughts.” The ἵνα (hina) clause has been translated “and be of the same mind” to reflect its epexegetical force to the imperative “complete my joy.”
4. 4 The Greek word here is σύμψυχοι (sumpsuchoi, literally “fellow souled”).
5. 5 Grk “not according to selfish ambition.” There is no main verb in this verse; the subjunctive φρονήτε (phronēte, “be of the same mind”) is implied here as well. Thus, although most translations supply the verb “do” at the beginning of v. 3 (e.g., “do nothing from selfish ambition”), the idea is even stronger than that: “Don’t even think any thoughts motivated by selfish ambition.”
6. 6 On the meaning “be concerned about” for σκοπέω (skopeō), see L&N 27.36.
7. 7 The word “only” is not in the Greek text, but is implied by the ἀλλὰ καί (alla kai) in the second clause (“but … as well”). The bulk of the Western text dropped the καί, motivated most likely by ascetic concerns.
8. 8 The bulk of the Western text (D*,c F G K it) dropped καί (kai) here, most likely due to ascetic concerns. Strong external attestation for its inclusion from excellent witnesses as well as the majority (𝔓46 א A B C D2 0278 33 1739 1881 𝔐) also marks it as original. Verses 1–4 constitute one long conditional sentence in Greek. The protasis is in verse 1, while vv. 2–4 constitute the apodosis. There is but one verb not in a subordinate clause in vv. 2–4, the imperative “complete” in v. 2. This is followed by a subjunctive after ἵνα (hina, translated as an epexegetical clause, “and be of the same mind”) and three instrumental participles. Thus the focus of these four verses is to “be of the same mind” and all that follows this instruction is the means for accomplishing that.
9. 9 Grk “Have this attitude in/among yourselves which also [was] in Christ Jesus,” or “Have this attitude in/among yourselves which [you] also [have] in Christ Jesus.”
10. 10 This passage has been typeset as poetry because many scholars regard this passage as poetic or hymnic. These terms are used broadly to refer to the genre of writing, not to the content. There are two broad criteria for determining if a passage is poetic or hymnic: “(a) stylistic: a certain rhythmical lilt when the passages are read aloud, the presence of parallelismus membrorum (i.e., an arrangement into couplets), the semblance of some metre, and the presence of rhetorical devices such as alliteration, chiasmus, and antithesis; and (b) linguistic: an unusual vocabulary, particularly the presence of theological terms, which is different from the surrounding context” (P. T. O’Brien, Philippians [], ). Classifying a passage as hymnic or poetic is important because understanding this genre can provide keys to interpretation. However, not all scholars agree that the above criteria are present in this passage, so the decision to typeset it as poetry should be viewed as a tentative decision about its genre.
11. 11 The Greek term translated form indicates a correspondence with reality. Thus the meaning of this phrase is that Christ was truly God.
12. 12 See the note on the word “slaves” in .
13. 13 Grk “by coming in the likeness of people.” The expression the likeness of men is similar to Paul’s wording in Rom 8:3 (“in the likeness of sinful flesh”). The same word “likeness” is used in both passages. It implies that there is a form that does not necessarily correspond to reality. In Rom 8:3, the meaning is that Christ looked like sinful humanity. Here the meaning is similar: Jesus looked like other men (note anthrōpoi), but was in fact different from them in that he did not have a sin nature.
14. 14 Grk “and by being found in form as a man.” The versification of vv. 7 and 8 (so also ) is according to the versification in the and editions of the Greek text. Some translations, however, break the verses in front of this phrase (, , , ). The same material has been translated in each case; the only difference is the versification of that material. By sharing in human nature. This last line of v. 7 (line d) stands in tension with the previous line, line c (“by looking like other men”). Both lines have a word indicating form or likeness. Line c, as noted above, implies that Christ only appeared to be like other people. Line d, however, uses a different term that implies a correspondence between form and reality. Further, line c uses the plural “men” while line d uses the singular “man.” The theological point being made is that Christ looked just like other men, but he was not like other men (in that he was not sinful), though he was fully human.