Micah 1:2–5

Footnotes

1. 7 Heb “O peoples, all of them.”
2. 8 Heb “O earth and all its fullness”; “and all that therein is.”
3. 9 Heb “May the sovereign Lord testify against you.” The verb וִיהִי (vihiy) is jussive, which normally conveys a volitional sense of an urgent request or prayer (“may he testify!”). However, §109.k notes that here the jussive form is used without any volitional sense for the ordinary imperfect, as a rhythmic shortening at the beginning of a sentence, thus removed as far as possible from the principal accent (cf. Gen 49:17; Deut 28:8; 1 Sam 10:5; 2 Sam 5:24; Hos 6:1; 11:4; Amos 5:14; Zeph 2:13; Zech 9:5; Pss 72:16–17; 104:31; Job 18:12; 20:23, 26, 28; 27:8; 33:21; 34:37; Ruth 3:4). Thus, the translation here renders the jussive as an ordinary imperfect. Some translations render it in a traditional jussive sense: (1) urgent request: “And let my Lord God be your accuser” (); or (2) dependent purpose/result: “that the Sovereign Lord may witness against you” ().
4. 10 Heb “the Lord from his majestic palace.” Since the verb is omitted it is unclear whether the implied term be supplied from the preceding line (“he will testify against you”) or the following line (“he is leaving”). So the line may be rendered “the Lord will accuse you from his majestic temple” or “the Lord will come forth from his majestic temple.” Most translations render it literally, but some remove the ambiguity: “the Lord God accuses you from his holy temple” (); “He speaks from his holy temple” ().
5. 11 Or “his holy temple” (, , , , , ). This refers to the Lord’s dwelling in heaven, however, rather than the temple in Jerusalem (note the following verse, which describes a theophany).
6. 12 Or “For look.” The expression כִּי־הִנֵּה (ki-hinneh) may function as an explanatory introduction (“For look!”; Isa 26:21; 60:2; 65:17, 18: 66:15; Jer 1:15; 25:29; 30:10; 45:5; 46:27; 50:9; Ezek 30:9; 36:9; Zech 2:10; 3:8), or as an emphatic introduction (“Look!”; Jdgs 3:15; Isa 3:1; Jer 8:17; 30:3; 49:15; Hos 9:6; Joel 3:1 [ 4:1]; Amos 4:2, 13; 6:11, 14; 9:9; Hab 1:6; Zech 2:9 [ 2:13]; Zech 3:9; 11:16).
7. 13 Or “high places” (, , , , ).
8. 14 Or “melt” (, , , , ). This is a figurative description of earthquakes, landslides, and collapse of the mountains, rather than some sort of volcanic activity (note the remainder of the verse).
9. 15 The mountains will disintegrate … the valleys will be split in two. This imagery pictures an earthquake and accompanying landslide.
10. 16 The words “the mountains will melt” are supplied in the translation for clarification. The simile extends back to the first line of the verse.
11. 17 The words “the rocks will slide down” are supplied in the translation for clarification. This simile elaborates on the prior one and further develops the imagery of the verse’s first line.
12. 18 Heb “and because of.” This was simplified in the translation for stylistic reasons.
13. 19 Heb “house.”
14. 20 Heb “What is the rebellion of Jacob?”
15. 21 Heb “Is it not Samaria?” The negated rhetorical question expects the answer, “It certainly is!” To make this clear the question has been translated as a strong affirmative statement.
16. 22 Heb “What are Judah’s high places?”
17. 23 Heb “Is it not Jerusalem?” The rhetorical question expects the answer, “It certainly is!” In vv. 2–5 Micah narrows the scope of God’s judgment from the nations (vv. 2–4) to his covenant people (v. 5). Universal judgment is coming, but ironically Israel is the focal point of God’s anger. In v. 5c the prophet includes Judah within the scope of divine judgment, for it has followed in the pagan steps of the northern kingdom. He accomplishes this with rhetorical skill. In v. 5b he develops the first assertion of v. 5a (“All of this is because of Jacob’s rebellion”). One expects in v. 5c an elaboration of the second assertion in v. 5a (“and the sins of the nation of Israel”), which one assumes, in light of v. 5b, pertains to the northern kingdom. But the prophet specifies the “sins” as “high places” and makes it clear that “the nation of Israel” includes Judah. Verses 6–7 further develop v. 5b (judgment on the northern kingdom), while vv. 8–16 expand on v. 5c (judgment on Judah). For location see ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .