46 Or “Media.” The referent is not identified in the text; the text merely says “you are my war club.” Commentators in general identify the referent as Babylon because Babylon has been referred to as a hammer in 50:23 and Babylon is referred to in v. 25 as a “destroying mountain” (compare v. 20d). However, S. R. Driver, Jeremiah, 317, n. c maintains that v. 24 speaks against this. It does seem a little inconsistent to render the vav consecutive perfect at the beginning of v. 24 as future while rendering those in vv. 20b–23 as customary past. However, change in person from second masculine singular (vv. 20b–23) to the second masculine plural in “before your very eyes” and its position at the end of the verse after “which they did in Zion” argue that a change in address occurs there. Driver has to ignore the change in person and take “before your eyes” with the verb “repay” at the beginning to maintain the kind of consistency he seeks. The vav (ו) consecutive imperfect can be used for either the customary past ( §112.dd with cross reference back to §112.e) or the future ( §112.x). Hence the present translation has followed the majority of commentaries (and English versions like , , , ) in understanding the referent as Babylon and v. 24 being a transition to vv. 25–26 (cf., e.g., J. Bright, Jeremiah [], 356–57, and J. A. Thompson, Jeremiah [], ). If the referent is understood as Media then the verbs in vv. 20–23 should all be translated as futures. See also the translator’s note on v. .
47 This Hebrew word (מַפֵּץ, mappets) only occurs here in the Hebrew Bible, but its meaning is assured from the use of the verbs that follow which are from the same root (נָפַץ, nafats) and there is a cognate noun מַפָּץ (mappats) that occurs in Ezek 9:2 in the sense of weapon of “smashing.”
48 Heb “I smash nations with you.” This same structure is repeated throughout the series in vv. 20c–23.