the Israelites got themselves into could in part be attributed to the fact that “they did not remember” the wondrous works of God and his past acts of deliverance (see Ps. 78:42; 106:7). You who are Gentiles by birth (2:11). Paul singles out and addresses the non-Jews among the believers in Ephesus. It is important to recognize that Ephesus was a multiethnic city. The reference to Gentiles would include people of many different ethnicities, including Anatolians, Egyptians, Romans, Persians, Syrians,