Necessitarians of every class have uniformly regarded motives as being the efficient cause of volition. Dr. Hartley contends that the thoughts and feelings of the soul result from the various vibrations of the brain, and that these vibrations are produced by the influence of motives or surrounding circumstances. He frankly admits that his theory implies “the necessity of human actions,” and says, “I am sorry for it, but I cannot help it.” Lord Kames represents the universe as “one vast machine