“Temptations” (peirasmois) in both Greek and English can mean (a) inward temptation; (1) outward trial. Here, it is the latter—outward trial—which is meant. While inward temptation is a form of trial, it is apparent from the context that it is a trial in which much suffering is experienced but for which the sufferer sustains no moral blame that is under contemplation here. James would not bid the brethren rejoice when being subjected to the enticements of sin, Satan and the world. From this, and