a Pharisee (Life 10–12). Josephus also emphasizes the disagreements between the Pharisees and the Sadducees, whereas in the Gospels the two groups are often united in their opposition against Jesus. Despite these challenges, what emerges from the literature is consistent enough that we can attempt to make some careful conclusions regarding these Jewish sects. The name “Pharisee” appears to go back to the Hebrew pāraš and may mean “one who is separate.” It is uncertain whether the