dependent upon him, even though they are at the same time morally responsible agents. The Old Testament thinkers did not attempt to solve that conundrum, which later theologians explored under the theme of freedom of will. The ancients expressed the dilemma, that they must have seen (pace Whybray), but they lived with it. They affirmed the (free) choice between life and death; cf. Deut 30:15–19. Barucq translates “response” by “decision,” and this captures the right emphasis. He also notes that the