random changes go ‘backward’, as well as ‘forward’, no amount of time can, in and of itself, increase the possibility of anything coming into existence unless there are specific reasons for such a thing happening. The theory of evolution has none to offer. After many years of study, and the publication of numerous research papers, Stephen Grocott, Fellow of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute, came to this conclusion: ‘I am afraid that as a scientist I simply cannot say strongly enough that spontaneous