truth can be measured by conformity to external realities such as historical facts. Prayers, commands, and exhortations, for example, do not directly assert propositions that can be directly verified except in the sense that the statements were actually made. Calling all forms of utterances “speech acts,” Kevin Vanhoozer explains how even those speech acts that are not propositions nevertheless can be said to be true if certain realities are implied in them.14 For example, the exhortation “Praise