placed human societies on a scale ranging from “primitive” to “civilized,” from prelogical to logical. Franz Boas and his successors rejected this ranking of societies as ethnocentric and arrogant. They introduced “culture” for the different sets of beliefs and practices of any people, beliefs and practices that make sense to the people who live in them. As they studied other cultures deeply, they realized that there were many standards by which to compare the lifeways of different people, and that