magic were hopelessly intermingled, and magical arts were popular (cf. Acts 19:19). ‘Ephesian letters’ were charms widely supposed to cure sickness and to bring luck. Paul spent over two years in Ephesus establishing the church (Acts 19:8, 10), to which the important Epistle to the Ephesians was later sent. Timothy was there for a time (1 Tim. 1:3), and tradition says that John lived there in his old age. 1. The greeting is to the angel of the church in Ephesus (for angel see on 1:20), but there