Of course a lot of unbelieving philosophers, like Bertrand Russell, Walter Kaufmann, Kai Nielsen, and Michael Martin, have thought that the problem of evil is the most difficult problem for Christianity, and that hell is the most difficult part of the problem of evil. Christian philosophers have tried to reply—Google “philosophers hell” for some titles. Many of them seek to make the doctrine more palatable, either opting for universalism, or some reformative view of hell. They usually want to say