When ἐμπάθεια was used in ancient texts, it conveyed “passions” swarming “within” or filling you up24—contextually these could run the gamut: sexual passions, hot anger, etc. (In modern Greek, ἐμπάθεια has actually retained such a basic meaning—passions burning within you—though it has narrowed to only one main burning emotion: hatred or malice.25) So, suppose for a moment that NT authors wanted to obligate Christians to understand others from their vantage and feel something of their emotions—the