a position of weakness? What did faithfulness look like apart from the overarching guidance of the law? Which aspects of Babylonian culture should be rejected and which should be embraced? What does a missional identity look like under the oppressive rule of a pagan king? How should they relate to their Babylonian neighbors? Israel faced two major temptations in exile. On the one hand, some of God’s people were tempted to withdraw from public witness until the exile was over. Like turtles in their