behavior, both philosophy and praxis, ascetic praxis related to visions and doxological experiences.18 The weakness of the theory that the opponents held some sort of gnosticizing syncretistic view has been amply shown by Dunn. In particular there is certainly no evidence that Paul is polemicizing against dualism of some sort, which is characteristic of Gnosticism.19 It is far more plausible that he is dealing with some sort of ascetic Jewish piety.20 There was a substantial Jewish presence in the