depend heavily on the presupposition that Paul is attempting to provide a quick if rough criterion to enable his hearers to distinguish between true and false “spiritual gifts.” If we free ourselves from that presupposition and perceive that Paul’s interest lies rather in establishing who truly has the Holy Spirit, then the pressure to identify a precise and believable background is reduced. If Paul is not wielding the curse language of verse 3a as a test for detecting false prophets in the church,