there was a tendency to see in faith only this element—to reduce faith to this element alone. This does not mean that there is a history or an evolution of faith. But there is a history of the various ways in which we have looked at faith, a history which, in its various phases, successively reveals the constituent elements in the act of faith. Until the fifteenth century the multiple heresies arising from the bosom of Christianity were all essentially of a doctrinal character. As stated above, heresy