Thus, the Islamic conception of salvation “is entirely legalistic; it is not a moral change in the heart now, leading a man to have power over sin to repress it, but a release in the next world from the punishment of hell, in virtue of certain good acts done in this life.”10 What constitutes these good acts we have already seen in our discussion of the “five pillars of Islam.” Among the Teutonic pagans, salvation was essentially an escape from external evil powers; it meant victory over evil forces,