ends in the 4th century C.E. with the emergence of the Christian state. In this study, the term “Hellenistic” is used to designate the period from 331 B.C.E., the inauguration of Alexander’s empire, to 31 B.C.E., Octavius’s victory at Actium; “Hellenistic-Roman” designates period from 30 B.C.E. to the 4th century C.E. and the emergence of the Christian world. The Hellenistic-Roman age was an era of insecurity and anxiety. The shift from nationalism to cosmopolitanism, from the secure isolated city-state