how he knows the difference between what he can use and what he cannot. Second, he claims to know sources about this Judaism that no one else knows, so that he can tell us what, if we found said sources, they would say. Third, he is the first scholar to imagine that all sources produced by Jews anywhere, any time, by any sort of person or group, equally tell us about one and the same Judaism. Schürer was far more critical nearly a century ago. The other major “Judaism” books—Bousset-Gressman’s or