But how then do “the rod and staff” bring comfort? They are the symbols of a well-prepared shepherd and provide him with a clear identity. The rod speaks of protection; and the staff is for the prodding necessary to keep the flock together and on the path. One or more of these implements was often used to symbolize authority among ancient Near Eastern kings. Compare, for example, the use of the crook and flail in Egypt as symbols of royal authority. In the light of the Lord’s sovereign power, the