election, the covenant and the law; and it is because these are wrong that the means appropriate to ‘righteousness according to the law’ (Torah observance and repentance) are held to be wrong or are not mentioned. In short, this is what Paul finds wrong in Judaism: it is not Christianity. It is not one of the conclusions of this study that one of the patterns which we have described is superior to the other. I am not completely opposed to passing value judgments on ancient religions, although one