2:10, 15), along with “dominions” (Eph 1:21; Col 1:16), “cosmic powers” (Eph 6:12), “thrones” (Col 1:16), “spiritual forces” (Eph 6:12), “elemental spirits” (Col 2:8, 20; Gal 4:3, 8–9) and other spiritual entities.13 For the sake of brevity I will follow the precedent set by Walter Wink and simply refer to this vast array of cosmic powers as “the powers.” There has been a good deal of discussion surrounding what precisely Paul and others were referring to with these various titles, and while certain