Christian theology has maintained the doctrine of original sin—the belief that human beings after Adam are born in a state of sin. There is a partial basis for this idea in the New Testament, where St. Paul asserts that “one man’s trespass led to condemnation for all” and “by the one man’s disobedience the many were made sinners” (Rom 5:18–19), but there is no suggestion of this in the text of Genesis. In the first century C.E., when Paul wrote, there was some debate in Judaism about the significance