to men led also to the development of belief in mediating divine beings to such an extent that it seemed at times to threaten Jewish monotheism. These matters are illustrated below. Just as no sharp dividing line can be drawn between Jewish apocalyptists and Jewish mystics, so it is impossible to make a sharp distinction between apocalypticism and Pharisaism (see W.D. Davies, Christian Origins and Judaism (London 1962), pp 19–30). Rabbis included apocalyptic elements in their teaching, and the apocalyptists