THE PAPAL INTERPRETATION OF THE ATTRIBUTES For several reasons (none scriptural, as we saw in the last chapter) the bishop of Rome increasingly came to be viewed as the “first among equals” with “primacy of power” within the hierarchical structure of the medieval church. The papacy as we know it really began around 590. To Gregory I (c. 540–604), the “father of the medieval papacy,” is ascribed the credit for establishing the temporal political power of the papacy within the Holy Roman Empire. The