The Empirical Arguments Neither do I confess God’s existence on the basis of the empirical or inductive arguments of methodological natural theology. Following Aristotle’s lead, Thomas Aquinas set forth his famous “five Ways” in his Summa theologica, I, 2, 3, and Summa contra Gentiles, I, XIII. By it he attempted to demonstrate from sense data alone without any a priori equipment the existence of God. For the following reasons his arguments are invalid: 1. One simply cannot begin with the existence