from [ek] God” in Phil. 3:9). Paul’s use of “righteousness” language in Romans, then, strongly suggests that “righteousness of God” in 1:17; 3:21, 22; and 10:3 includes reference to the status of righteousness “given” to the believer by God. The fourth consideration is the one that points in the most directions at once. As mentioned, Paul connects “the righteousness of God” with faith in 1:17: he claims that it is revealed “on the basis of [Jewish] faith leading to [Gentile] faith” (see below) and