In this crucial document from the early fall of 1517, Luther offers a set of topics for debate (“theses”) at the University of Wittenberg. They sharply criticize the currently reigning method of scholastic theology (with its high confidence in human reason and free will). The dependence of late-medieval theology on the philosophy of Aristotle, typified by Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), was initially a creative and worthwhile experiment. Luther, however,
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