‘substance’, this mysterious inner reality, had changed so that it was actually Christ’s body. Luther disagreed, but not by much. He held on to the idea of an inner substance, and said that the substance of Christ’s body and the substance of the bread were both present. Zwingli went much further. The bread remained bread and that’s all there was to it. At best it could ‘signify’ Christ’s body; it could be a signpost pointing to it, but wouldn’t in any sense ‘be’ the thing itself. Luther’s strong