in new dress. But the fact that the arguments tend to recur in history shows that they have a powerful pull on the fallen human heart, and they must therefore be confronted. It is important to see the rise of such “intellectual” denials of the faith since the nineteenth century and the development of academic response to that endeavor. Chapter 2 begins the meat of the specialized applications of the apologetic. There I explore the critics’ claim that there were several ancient religions that believed