1:1 the earthquake. Mentioned by Zechariah (14:5), Josephus (Antiquities, IX:10:4) connects it with Uzziah’s sin of usurping the role of a priest (2 Chr. 26:16–23). An earthquake of severe magnitude occurred ca. 760 B.C. 1:2 roars. In Joel 3:16, the Lord “roars” against the nations; here His wrath was directed primarily toward Israel (cf. Jer. 25:30). Amos, a shepherd, courageously warned the flock of God’s pasture that they were in imminent danger from a roaring lion who turned out to be the ultimate