30–31, noticed that “neither Greek nor Roman religion or philosophy had any doctrine of a final judgment. But it was central to Judaism, and Paul places it firmly against the ancient pagan world in this passage.… Paul, as a Christian theologian, does not unsay any of this basic Jewish doctrine. There will indeed be a last judgment, and it will accord with the totality of the life that each person has led. Sometimes Christians have imagined that Paul’s doctrine of justification by faith (see chapters