the effects of sin are seen to be pervasive throughout the Old Testament. One of the earliest uses of “the fall” is found in the pseudepigraphal book of 2 Esdras 7:118: O Adam, what have you done? For though it was you who sinned, The fall was not yours alone, But ours also who are your descendants.12 With that disclaimer, I will continue to use the term throughout the chapter for convenience and because it has traditionally been used to encapsulate the problem of sin. As we consider the Old Testament