a loving, sympathetic heart James takes up the trials first of all. How should the readers consider their many trials? As “all joy.” The participle states why: because their faith is thus developed into constancy, brave perseverance. It grows into strong manhood. It is tested out; the dross is removed. Christians ought to rejoice because of that and not pity themselves or grow sad. One of the characteristics of James’s style is to repeat a word he has just used. So χαράν here repeats χαίρειν: the