Paul continues his moral exhortation by instructing his readers to put away their former way of life and embrace the new. Although translations differ on how they render the words palaion anthrōpon (“old man”) and kainon anthrōpon (“new man”), a clear distinction exists between life before Christ and after. The difficulty comes in identifying whom or what Paul is referring to when he says “old man” and “new man.” • Arnold understands palaion anthrōpon (“old man”) in terms of solidarity