The use of the phrase “new creation” (kainē ktisis) in 2 Cor 5:17 is striking. While the phrase might seem to describe all of created reality, Paul applies it specifically to believers who are “in Christ.” This is Paul’s regular way of referring to those who have been united with Christ and participate in Him (see Collins 2013, 120). While interpreters all recognize the theological significance of the verse, there is considerable debate about the grammatical relationship of the phrase.