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The Lexham Research Commentary is your starting point for study and research. It surveys all the relevant literature on a passage and brings the summary back to you. This guide summarizes a broad range of views on a particular passage—views you may or may not agree with, but in all cases, views you will encounter as you critically study the text. A complete introduction to each literary unit in...

Fourth, the Holy Spirit plays a key role in Paul’s theological argument in Rom 1–11 and in his exhortations in Rom 12–15. For Paul, God’s Spirit dwelling in believers serves as proof of both the fulfillment of God’s promises in the Scriptures (e.g., Ezek 11:19–20; 36:25–27; Joel 2:28–32; Jer 31:31–33) and God’s adoption of His children (Rom 5:5; 8:12–17). The Spirit empowers ethical Christian living by liberating the believer from the power of sin (Rom 8:2), helping believers to live in obedience