Khafaje The modern toponym indicating the site of ancient Tutub, a Mesopotamian city located in the Lower Diyala region, which flourished from the Uruk period (late fourth millennium bc) through the Early Dynastic and Old Babylonian periods up to the early Kassite era (second millennium bc).

The site extends over about 530 acres and consists of four major mounds (labeled A through D by archaeologists) that were inhabited in different periods:

• Mound A, the largest, was occupied from the Uruk to the Akkadian period and includes residential quarters, the city wall, small shrines, and monumental temples (the Temple Oval, a Temple of Sin, and a Temple of Nintu).

• Mounds B and C house the Fort of Samsu-iluna, from the Old Babylonian period.

• Mound D, dated to the Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian periods, includes private houses and the Temple of Sin, where a hoard of tablets was found.